Taboo
:''For the Taboo party game, see Taboo (game).'' A taboo is a strong social prohibition (or ban) relating to any area of human activity or social custom declared as sacred and forbidden; breaking of the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society. The term was borrowed from the Tongan language and appears in many Polynesian cultures. In those cultures, a tabu (or tapu or kapu) often has specific religious associations. Its first recorded use in English was by James Cook in 1771. When an activity or custom is classified as taboo it is forbidden and interdictions are implemented concerning the topic, such as the ground set apart as a sanctuary for criminals. Some taboo activities or customs are prohibited under law and their guilt often carry severe penalties. Taboos can include dietary restrictions (halal and kosher diets, religious vegetarianism, and the prohibition of cannibalism), restrictions on sexual activities and relationships (miscegenation, homosexuality, incest, zoophilia, pedophilia, necrophilia), restrictions of bodily functions (flatulence), restrictions on the use of psychoactive drugs, restrictions on presence of genitalia (circumcision, sex reassignment), exposure of body parts (ankles in the Victorian British Empire, women's faces in Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan, nudity in the US), and restrictions on the use of offensive language. No taboo is known to be universal, but some (such as the incest taboo) occur in the majority of societies. Taboos may serve many functions, and often remain in effect after the original reason behind them has expired. Some have argued that taboos therefore reveal the history of societies when other records are lacking. Taboos often extend to cover discussion of taboo topics. This can result in taboo deformation or replacement of taboo words. Marvin Harris, a leading figure in cultural materialism, endeavoured to explain taboos as a consequence of the ecologic and economic conditions of their societies. Also, Sigmund Freud provided a ground-breaking analysis of taboo behaviours, highlighting strong unconscious motivations driving such prohibitions. In this system, described in his collections of essays Totem and Taboo, Freud unearths a highly persuasive link between forbidden behaviours and the sanctification of objects to certain kinship groups.
Taboo and art
Many contemporary artists deal with taboo images and ideas including:- Matthew Barney
- Maurizio Cattalan
- Damien Hirst
- Joel-Peter Witkin
- Bill Viola
- Pedro Almodóvar
- Luis Bunuel
- Derek Jarman
Taboos by country or ethnic group
| Australia | mentioning the names of the dead | Aboriginal custom |
| Nearly universal | Incest taboo | |
| Jews and Muslims | Eating pork | |
| Arabs | Displaying the soles of the foot, touching shoes | |
| American men | public display of affection | |
| Chinese men and women | Kissing in public | |
| Chinese women | Appearing in public in late pregnancy | As recently as 1 or 2 generations ago |
See also
- abomination
- bias
- censorship
- natural law
- prejudice
- prohibition
- sacred
- social stigma
- Taboo meats